SoAutoThresholdingProcessing Class Reference
[Binarization]

SoAutoThresholdingProcessing engine More...

#include <ImageViz/Engines/ImageSegmentation/Binarization/SoAutoThresholdingProcessing.h>

Inheritance diagram for SoAutoThresholdingProcessing:

Classes
class	SbAutoThresholdingDetail
	Results details of threshold by automatic segmentation. More...
Public Types
enum	ObjectLightness { BRIGHT_OBJECTS = 0, DARK_OBJECTS = 1 }
enum	ThresholdCriterion { ENTROPY = 0, FACTORISATION = 1, MOMENTS = 2 }
enum	RangeMode { MIN_MAX = 0, OTHER = 1 }
Public Member Functions
	SoAutoThresholdingProcessing ()
Public Attributes
SoSFEnum	computeMode
SoSFEnum	objectLightness
SoSFImageDataAdapter	inGrayImage
SoSFVec2f	intensityRangeInput
SoSFEnum	thresholdCriterion
SoSFEnum	rangeMode
SoImageVizEngineOutput < SoSFImageDataAdapter, SoImageDataAdapter * >	outBinaryImage
SoImageVizEngineAnalysisOutput < SbAutoThresholdingDetail >	outResult

Detailed Description

SoAutoThresholdingProcessing engine

The SoAutoThresholdingProcessing engine computes an automatic threshold on a gray level image.

This engine computes an automatic threshold on a grayscale image i.e. separate the image in 2 classes of pixels. Three methods of classification are available: Entropy, Factorisation or Moments. The computed threshold is provided in the SbAutoThresholdingDetail object.

Entropy
The entropy principle defines 2 classes in the image histogram by minimizing the total classes' entropy, for more theory the reader can refers to references [1] and [2]. Considering the first-order probability histogram of an image and assuming that all symbols in the flowing equation are statistically independent, its entropy (in the Shannon sense) is defined as:

$H=-\sum_{i=0}^{n} p[i] \times \log(p[i])_ 2$

Where $n+1$ is the number of grayscales, $p[i]$ the probability of occurrence of level and $(x)_2$ is the log in base 2.

Let us denote $t$ the value of the threshold and $[I_1,I_2]$ the search interval. We can define two partial entropies:

$H_w[t]=-\sum_{I_1}^{t} p_1[i] \times \log(p_1[i])_2$

$H_b[t]=-\sum_{t+1}^{I_2} p_2[i] \times \log(p_2[i])_2$

Where $p_1[i]$ defines the probability of occurrence of level in the range $[I_1,t]$ and $p_2[i]$ defines the probability of occurrence of level $i$ in the range [t+1,I2]. We search the threshold value $T$ which minimizes the sum $S(t)=H_w[t]+H_b[t]$ :

$T=\arg min_t(H_w[t]+H_b[t])$

Figure 1: Example of thresholding using the entropy method

Factorization
The factorization method is based on the Otsu criterion (see [3] for details), i.e. minimizing the within-class variance:

$\sigma^2_W[t]=w_0[t] \times \sigma_0^2[t]+w_1[t] \times \sigma_1^2[t]$

Where $w_0[t]$ and $w_1[t]$ are respectively the probabilities occurrence $^2[t]$ and $^2[t]$ , the variances of classes $C_0$ and $C_1$ .

A faster and equivalent approach is to maximize the between-class variance:

$\sigma_B^2[t]=w_0[t] \times w_1[t] \times (\mu_0[t]-\mu_1[t])^2$

The within-class variance calculation is based on the second-order statistics (variances) while the between-class variance calculation is based on the first order statistics (means). It is therefore simplest and faster to use this last optimization criterion. We then search the value $T$ which maximizes the between-class variance such as:

$T=\arg min_t(\sigma_B^2[t])$

Figure 2: Example of thresholding using the factorization method

Moments
The moment SoAutoThresholdingProcessing uses the moment-preserving bi-level thresholding described by W.H.Tsai in [4]. Moments of an image can be computed from its histogram in the following way:

$m_j=\sum_{i=0}^n p[z_i]^j$

Where $p[z_i]$ is the probability of occurrence of grayscale $z_i$ . For the following we note $f$ the original grayscale image and $g$ the threshold image. Image $f$ can be considered as a blurred version of an ideal bi-level image which consists of pixels with only two gray values: $z_0$ and $z_1$ . The moment-preserving thresholding principle is to select a threshold value such that if all below-threshold gray values of the original image are replaced by $z_0$ and all above threshold gray values replaced by $z_1$ , then the first three moments of the original image are preserved in the resulting bi-level image. Image $g$ so obtained may be regarded as an ideal unblurred version of $f$ . Let $p_0$ and $p_1$ denote the fractions of the below-threshold pixels and the above-threshold pixels in $f$ , respectively, then the first three moments of $g$ are:

$m'_j=\sum_{i=0}^n p[z_i]^j\mbox{, j=0,1,2,3}$

And preserving the first three moments in $g$ , means the equalities:

$m'_j=m_j\mbox{, j=0,1,2,3}$

To find the desired threshold value $T$ , we can first solve the four equations system to obtain $p_0$ and $p_1$ , and then choose $T$ as the $p_0$ -tile of the histogram of $f$ . Note that $z_0$ and $z_1$ will also be obtained simultaneously as part of the solutions of system.

Figure 3: Example of thresholding using the moment-preserving method

[1] T.Pun, Entropic thresholding: A new approach, comput. Graphics Image Process. 16, 1981, 210-239
[2] J. N. Kapur, P. K. Sahoo, and A. K. C. Wong, "A New Method for Gray-Level Picture Thresholding Using the Entropy of the Histogram" Computer Vision, Graphics and Image Processing 29, pp. 273-285, Mar. 1985
[3] Otsu, N. 1979. A thresholding selection method from grayscale histogram. IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics9(1): 62-66
[4] Tsai, W. H. 1985. Moment-preserving thresholding: A New Approach. Computer Vision, Graphics, and Image Processing 29: 377-393

FILE FORMAT/DEFAULT

computeMode	MODE_AUTO
objectLightness	BRIGHT_OBJECTS
inGrayImage	NULL
intensityRangeInput	0.0f 255.0f
thresholdCriterion	ENTROPY
rangeMode	MIN_MAX

Library references: auto_threshold auto_threshold_inv

Member Enumeration Documentation

enum SoAutoThresholdingProcessing::ObjectLightness

Enumerator:

BRIGHT_OBJECTS	The algorithm thresholds bright objects (graylevels between T and Max(I)).
DARK_OBJECTS	The algorithm thresholds dark objects (between Min(I) and T ).

enum SoAutoThresholdingProcessing::RangeMode

Enumerator:

MIN_MAX	With this option the histogram is computed between the minimum and the maximum of the image.
OTHER	With this option the histogram is computed between user-defined bounds [a,b].

enum SoAutoThresholdingProcessing::ThresholdCriterion

Enumerator:

ENTROPY	The measure of dispersion used in the algorithm is the entropy of the intensity distribution.
FACTORISATION	The measure of dispersion used in the algorithm is the variance of the intensity distribution.
MOMENTS	The measure of dispersion used in the algorithm is the moments of the intensity distribution.